What I hope to gain from the MPA program at Metropolitan College of Essay

What I hope to gain from the MPA program at Metropolitan College of New York - Essay Example My work as a Counselor, Case Manager and Housing Specialist at organizations such as Help USA and Women In Need, has been deeply satisfying. My experience with the homeless has made me aware that there is a tremendous reserve of goodwill and monetary aid available in society, from both government and private sources, which can be directed towards the betterment of the economically underprivileged. It is the tragedy of our times that the full potential of these programs fails to reach the intended target, mainly because of poor implementation. This makes me determined to enhance my skills in leadership, management, marketing, finance and planning, so that I can significantly enhance my contribution to an organization, and become a more effective catalyst of constructive change. After more than a decade’s experience in the not-for-profit sector, the MPA Program at Metropolitan College of New York seems to be tailor-made for me! The program’s emphasis on policy research and implementation, strategic planning and analysis of financial costs, is just what I require to gain the theoretical knowledge which I can translate into practical organizational change at my workplace. I believe that my personal strengths, which include my love for working with people, my persuasive skills, assertiveness, and readiness to articulate problems, combined with the applied learning I gain from Metropolitan College of New York, will help me realize my goal of playing a part in the betterment of society. I am also confident that my twelve years as a working professional in the not-for-profit sector will be an asset to the classroom experience of my peers, and enable me to contribute positively to Metropolitan

Doppelganger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Doppelganger - Essay Example The Nolans use nonlinear narrative approach to capture the themes in the screenplay in a whole new fashion that not only entertains, but captures new aesthetics of a 21st century film. This paper analyses how different styles such as mise-en-scene, cinematography, editing and sound design affect the overall outcome of the themes and aesthetics in â€Å"The Prestige.† Robert Angier and Alfred Borden cut the image of two would-be illusionists working in harmony in Victorian London, but upon the unintended elimination of Angier’s wife, the two characters turn against each other; Bordwell (2013) noted that â€Å"with Julia’s death, the men become enemies.† Hell-bent on proving that the other is weaker and incapable, both parties discover a new center or focus in the elegant Olivia Wenscombe. By virtue of Wenscome, each of the two sinks deeper into mystery in an attempt to demonstrate that they he is the more powerful magician. â€Å"The Prestige† takes an atmospheric turn that seamlessly integrates magic’s natural mystery and secrecies with well-connected scenes that constantly ensure the audiences follow the story to the end while chasing unending solutions to the mysteries. Although, the storyline jumps from one time period to another in an effort to underscore the seriousness of the rivalry between the magicians, director Christopher Nolan clearly delineates the scenes to avoid any confusion among the audience. The carefully designed mise-en-scenes style featuring the two characters on the foreground at night in the outdoor scene, with lines of bulbs planted to the background, for example, not only creates an intriguing social life of the two characters at the beginning of the film, but also evokes a particular dreamlike value that is both attractive and mysterious (Bordwell, 2013). Neither of the two protagonists is predominantly likeable especially in the dark clothes they adorn and their shadowy movements. Both men have somehow

Critiquing Cosmetic Progression

Critiquing Cosmetic Progression Part One: About a decade ago, Dove Corporation released a controversial video, which, quite successfully, was able to subliminally banter the modern fashion industrys notorious inclination of distorting physical complexion for increased product marketing. Perhaps even more impressively, they accomplished this in less time than it takes to re-heat a leftover plate of spaghetti. Enter Dove: Evolution. Clocking in at just over a minute in length, this advertisement has achieved widespread appraisal for its unparalleled ability to challenge contemporary plights related to self- esteem (particularly in women) as a result of the constant degrading stimuli being solicited through media outlets. Upon watching this clip myself, I experienced an array of emotions ranging from calm, to apprehension, and even mild bewilderment. As the brief video has no dialogue, the importance of background music is noticeably enforced. At the opening, were presented with soothing classical piano chords, as our female su bject takes a seat before the camera inside of the contextual production studio. Alarmingly, the tempo begins to quicken; introducing heavy pulses of bass rhythm while simultaneously, bright lights are introduced as a means of hastily diminishing the facial blemishes of the woman. Her initially optimistic demeanor begins to steer toward that of a nerve wracked teenager as the videos speed becomes digitally modified cosmetologists bustle about, enhancing her hairstyle at an inhuman pace, while a quick series of bright camera shots catches the viewer off guard with a semi-photo sensitive intensity. Never ceasing in its rapid course, the video transitions to a final still-frame of the physically enhanced woman, at which point an Adobe PhotoShop heads-up display is introduced. Following a painstakingly meticulous series of alterations lip saturation, eye widening, shadow exaggerations, and a neck extension, the camera angle slowly pans outward; causing the viewer to witness a suburban street with our main characters revised complexion strung upon a billboard. A pair of young women, observe this obstruction in passing prior to the screens final fade to black. Subsequently, a credit appears to company, along with a statement concerning warped bodily perceptions. Theres meaning in the text and images here beyond what may be immediately apparent: theres a rhetorical framework and a message that suggests something more significant and complex than what observers may see on a first look. Part Two: Breaking down the advertisement further, it becomes quite apparent that a pathodic appeal to personal emotions is invoked on multiple levels. From the outset, the music puts us at ease, before abruptly shifting to incorporate drums and additional rock-based instruments on a dual track layer. Personally, this technique, coinciding with the changing facial expressions the woman was undergoing, resonated a sense of alarm within me (as if I was about to witness a pending act of brutality). With that said, I think any viewer experiencing similar emotions at this point would have found it appalling how relentlessly the hairdressers went about their business, seemingly void of any compassion. Maybe this was the directors intention, because a resulting feeling of sympathy for this woman blossomed in my soul. By now, Dove has its audiences feelings on autopilot, and is able to orchestrate them befittingly for the duration of the editing sequences. Im inclined to deduce that the photo-shopping was revealed in an attempt to drive the hammer into the nail of what we already knew this entire time nobody is naturally that attractive! That isnt to say, though, that the closing act couldnt be reaming with hints of ethos in addition to the aforementioned rhetoric. I noticed that the billboard hosting the end product pointed to another popular brand in the skin care sector. Do we sense a conspiracy at work amongst the conglomerates? Im going to circle back to this revelation later, as I believe its important to factor into the grand scheme of whats transpiring. Part Three: In continuance to the closing statement I made in the previous paragraph, there are a number of admonishments Id like to point out to my readers, in order to address the more metaphorical aspects of this video (or what may potentially be interpreted as such). First, something that caught my attention early on, was that the correction of facial blemishes on the subjected woman were given utmost priority to any other items on the touch-up task list. I would infer that on a larger scale, this hints at a hierarchical approach the fashion industry adopts when evaluating beauty. Following that logic, we could conclude that a raw human face warrants correction prior to any makeup, hair, or airbrush modifications conducted by modeling agency experts. Bluntly theyre judging your primary feature with heightened scrutiny. Secondly, the overall pace of the advertisement, as I previously mentioned, was extremely swift. Coupled with the background tunes, this probably assisted in delivering the broadest possible range of emotionally triggering stimuli to target audiences in the designated timeframe undoubtedly a premeditated play. The objective of this ad was essentially to call out the elephant in the room, (or in this case, perhaps the one in Hollywood) and in order to do that, Dove knew that relying on a pathos-based approach would prove to be a strategic ally to influence viewers with the desired message. Finally, the billboard itself was placed in a neighborhood which appeared to be centered on either: working-class citizens, high-school youth, and/or single parents aspiring for more. I gleaned this demographical hypothesis by noting the surrounding environment composed exclusively of brick apartment complexes, wire fencing, and used cars. Suffice it to say that if this is indeed a factual theory, it would correlate nicely with the idea that Dove wants to spread its agenda like a wildfire throughout the general consumer populace; many of whom may have otherwise remained in blissful ignorance to the proceedings commencing behind closed doors. Part Four: Primarily, I fathom that women of Millennial and X generations would be the most heavily impacted audience after watching this advertisement. Furthermore, I would ascertain that those impacts have mostly positive connotations, superseding the manipulative (unethical?) bodily practices exposed therein. In support of this claim, I located a research study conducted by Stephanie L Quigg in 2010. The purpose was to identify how a brief ad could mitigate the negative effects imposed on self-esteem through traditional media propaganda. The study consisted of exposing groups of women to one of three variants: a music video padded with standard commercials, the same music video padded with intervention commercials, and TV with non-human focused commercials. The outcome determined that seeing the music videos ultimately led to lower levels of self-satisfaction in test subjects, in contrast to the group that didnt. Interestingly though, in her subsequent book titled Body Image, Quiggreveals e xposure to the intervention commercial counter-acted this effect. Demonstrating the extent which media portrayals of women are artificially enhanced can mitigate detrimental effects on female appearance satisfaction (135-142). Earlier, I mentioned Id be elaborating on the concept of concealed marketing loaded inside of well-intentioned messaging. Taking a tip from Bob Garfield, a journalist reviewing the Ogilvy Mather Agency, (who represent the film) I quickly uncovered another mind who shares my chilling proposition. Quoting his article specifically, the bonus is, if they stay with this message come what may, theyll also turn over lots of whatever it is apart from the uncomfortable truth theyre selling (Garfield). That statement really makes me wonder if any act of good nature is pure these days; or is everything simply a clever ruse to boost a bottom line? Part Five: To culminate my analysis, Id like to reiterate to my readers, the importance of executing caution in response to all sources of mainstream advertising, regardless of implied positive messages. In this discussion, Ive brought to light how what was formerly thought to be a feat of goodwill by Dove, might actually constitute as a turncoat for a corrupted motive, depending on the eye of the beholder. Its crucial that we embrace this somewhat harsher truth going forward. In order to be competent citizens, its dire that we examine each aspect of a message. Otherwise, we become vulnerable to intelligently situated reverse psychology governing our buying impulses. Works Cited Quigg, Stephanie L., Stephen C. Want. Highlighting Media Modifications: Can a Television Commercial Mitigate the Effects of Music Videos on Female Appearance Satisfaction? Body Image, vol. 8, Elsevier, 2011, pp. 135-42. Science Direct, Elsevier, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.11.008.Accessed 6 Mar. 2017. Tackling Ugly Truth, Dove Effort Evolves Beautifully. Review of Dove: Evolution, by Bob Garfield, 2006. Advertising Age, revision 2015, Crain Communications, 29 Oct. 2006, www.adage.com/article/ad-review/tackling-ugly-truth-dove-effort-evolves-beautifully/112837/.Accessed 6 Mar. 2017. Unilever Group. Dove: Evolution. The Evolution Video: The Use of Photoshop and Airbrushing in the Media, Unilever, 11 Jan. 2016, www.dove.com/uk/dove-self-esteem-project/help-for-parents/media-and-celebrities/the-evolution-video.html.Accessed 6 Mar. 2016.

The Death of the Pepsi Man :: Creative Writing Essays

The Death of the Pepsi Man      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One day while lost in the vast woodlands of Scotland, I came upon a pop machine,   I had no money, and because of my strong moral values, I felt I could not force it open with a stick or break it with a rock, because that was wrong. As I sat there leaning against it, I pondered how I could get a refreshing can of pop.   I got up and looked around to find a coin or a bill that someone might have left or lost.   After five or six hours I gave up, no one had dropped anything that I could find.   By this time it was now nightfall, so I slept leaning against this oasis.   While asleep, I had a wonderful dream of this pop machine.   I dreamed that it opened up and asked me to indulge in a cold refreshing drink.   Another dream I had was where every five minutes the machine gave me a can from now until eternity.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When I awoke I jumped up and turned around to see if any of the dreams were true.   I quickly saw that they were not.   I decided that I could not leave this place until I had enjoyed a can of pop.   By the 3rd day, I had to scout for food and water because I was feeling malnourished.   As I walked around I found a snack machine the kind with many divine foods inside such as candy bar and chips, but still no way to eat them.   I stayed here until morning trying to rig a transport of some sort for it.   I cut a tree down and made 4 wheels and eventually a cart to support the machine and than to transport the machine to the other.   This was such a great task, I forgot about my hunger.   By dusk I had arrived back at the pop machine.   As I set the candy machine next to the pop machine, my hunger came back even stronger than before  Ã‚   Once again, I knew I could not break into the machine to eat, again my strong moral values.   So I went out again in search of food and water.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As my walk progressed I found a stream and I took a drink and ate many fish, then thought that I should of cooked them first.   On my way back, I got lost and had to sleep under a foreign tree and try to find my way home at day break.   As I tried to find my way home, I found another machine.

Statistics and Difference

BIO 2003 SUMMATIVE ASSIGNMENT 2 Introduction: The report analyses the result of a study on workers from brick and tile industries conducted by the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL). HSL put down few criteria’s to the workers which being that neither of the workers from the tiles and brick industries should have worked in both the industries and that they did not smoke. The criteria’s put across was an assurance to attain reliable results.The essence of the study lies in detecting any difference in the health of the workers in these industries (as identified by cell damage) if any and also to determine if any relationship exists between the length of service and the recorded health effect. The Null Hypothesis (Ho) states that no difference in the median between the percentage-damaged cells of the workers from the brick and tile industries is observed. Null Hypothesis for the correlation study also states that there is no correlation between the health effects of the wor kers and the time period they have worked in the industries.Nonetheless the Alternative Hypothesis (H1) states that the median percentage of damaged cell of the workers in the brick industry is different when compared to the median percentage of damaged cells of workers of both the operations. H1 for the correlation study states that correlation exists between the time period the workers have worked in the industry and their health effects. Analysis will be carried out with the help of the following 5 samples: * Worker ID * Age * Department * Length of service * Percentage of cell damage The above samples are independent within and also between each other.To obtain an accurate analysis of the data, the normality, box plot and straight-line relationship and independence of the statistical analysis will be checked. The Null or Alternative Hypothesis will be accepted or rejected on the basis of a statistical analysis, which will be used to analyse the median percentage of damaged cells got from the brick and tile operations. Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of brick and tile operation workers percentage damaged cells Variable| N| N*| Mean| SE Mean | St: Dev. | Minimum| Q1| Median| Q3| Maximum| % Damaged cells of Tile operation| 27| 0| 1. 337 | 0. 210 | 1. 090 | 0. 200 | 0. 600 | 1. 00| 1. 500 | 4. 700| % Damaged cells of Brick operation | 38| 0| 1. 532 | 0. 179 | 1. 106 | 0. 200 | 0. 536 | 1. 370| 2. 189 | 4. 562| Table 1 gives a descriptive data of the workers of the respective industries. As seen in the table above the % of damaged cells of the workers in the brick industry is higher when compared with the tile operation workers. The median percentage of brick industry workers is 1. 370 which is higher as compared to the brick operation workers which is 1. 100. The inter-quartile range which being the difference between Q3 and Q1 is higher for the brick operation compared to that of the tile.Figure 1:Box plot displaying %damage of cell in workers from both tile and brick industries. The figure above shows that the percentage-damaged cell for tile operators is lower when compared with the brick operators indicating a difference in the mean and median. Figure 1 shows a difference in the health hazard of the tile and brick workers. There is evidence of skewness in the distribution of brick operators whereas the tile distribution is symmetric, as the median line for the brick operators has shifted away from the centre.The % cell damage in workers of the tile operation is closely grouped apart from the 2 extreme outliers when compared to the % cell damage of the brick workers, which is quite wide. For the above box plot the need for a further analysis is to be carried out as the hypothesis cannot either be accepted neither rejected since the box plot only denotes statistical measures (mean, median, Q1, Q3, max & min values) which are not ample to prove the difference between the two sites. Figure 2: Histogram of the Tile and Brick operation dat a The % of damaged cells of the brick operation is higher when compared to the tile operation.This is concluded from the histogram above which exhibits that the bar values which is the % damaged cells for brick operation is higher than the bar value of the tile operation. We have used a histogram, as it is one of the important tools for a data analysis. Figure 3:The Test For Equal Variance. The values of the estimated equal variances show no difference in the % cell damage of the workers from the brick and tile operations’-value obtained from the Levene’s Test is 0. 200 which is also higher than 0. 05 implies that the hypothesis of difference cannot be rejected.The value of the F-Test is 0. 952 which being higher than 0. 05 shows also shows no signs that the null hypothesis (H0) should be rejected and also that there is no difference between %cell damage of workers from brick and tile operations. The obtained values from the test for equal variance point out to an abno rmal distribution of data stating the acceptance of the null hypothesis. Hence no clear evidence of a difference in the median among the % damaged cells in the workers of both the operations. Figure 4:Normal Distribution Graph For Brick And Tile Operation.Figure 4 illustrates a normal distribution graph for tile and brick operations. The figure above shows that the %damaged cells of brick and tile operations are not uniformly distributed, as the points are not scattered about a straight line. There is evidence that the residuals followed a skewed distribution and it can also be seen that the above graph does not follow any trend or pattern. The is no convincing evidence to reject the null hypothesis (H0) as the P-Value is lower than 0. 05 in Fig4. From the above facts it may be concluded that the residuals do not follow a normal distribution.A MANN WHITNEY TEST will be used to statistically analyse the data as the %damaged cells of workers in the tile operation shows that the data i s not normally distributed since the P-Value is lower than 0. 05 and also that the plots on the graph so no route any precise trend. MANN WHITNEY TEST Results & CI Of Tile & Brick Manufacturing Operations Table 2:illuminates the number of samples used in the Mann Whitney test and the obtained median for data of brick and tile manufacturing operations Sample type| Number of sample| Median| Tile | 27| 1. 100|Brick| 38| 1. 370| Point estimate for ETA1-ETA2 is 0. 200 95. 0% CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (-0. 323, 0. 800) W = 1319. 0 Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs. ETA1 not = ETA2 is significant at 0. 3905 The test is significant at 0. 3903 (adjusted for ties). The results shows a confidence interval of 95% between 0. 323 and 0. 800 in the %damaged cells of workers In the brick and tile operations. Contrariwise the difference in the median is 0. 200(estimated), which means that 0. 200%(approximately) more % of damaged cells in workers of the brick operations than those of the tile operations.A 100% certai n analysis cannot be proven as the confidence interval (CI) is only 95%, hence creating a need for more data in order to achieve a 100% certain analysis. An analyses of results obtained shows the P-value got from the Mann-Whitney test was 0. 3905. Since the P-value is higher than 0. 05 it indicated no evidence to reject the null hypothesis of no differences. Therefore it can be concluded that there is no convincing evidence of difference in the median between %damaged cells of workers in the 2 operations. Conclusion:A use of various graphs and descriptive statistics were used and inferred to decide if there were any differences in the health of the workers of the 2 operations. The Mann Whitney U test was considered to find the difference in the %-damaged cells of the tile and brick operation workers. A conclusion may be drawn from the these analyses that there is scarce evidence to suggest that there is noteworthy difference in the % damaged cells in workers of tile and brick operat ions. Question: 2 Table 3: Paired T-test and 95% CI to determine if the data of % damaged cells and length of service of workers in two operations is paired. N| Mean| StDev| SE Mean| % Damaged cells| 65| 1. 451 | 1. 095| 0. 136| length of service (years | 65| 8. 995 | 7. 349| 0. 912| Difference| 65| -7. 544 | 6. 964| 0. 864| 95% CI for mean difference: (-9. 270, -5. 819) T-Test of mean difference = 0 (Vs. not = 0): T-Value = -8. 73 P-Value = 0. 000 The table shows the T-test and the P-value got is >0. 05 stating no convincing evidence to reject null hypothesis of no differences. It may be concluded that the data is paired since the P-value is 0. 000. A scatter plot may also be used to test the relationship between the two samples.Figure5: A scatter plot showing the correlation between the % of cells damaged with a regression line and the length of service in years. The predicted value for Regression is 17. 4%, which states the 17. 4% of the variability in the data is represented by the regression model. This cannot be used to get future values as the predictive value itself is very low. Pearson’s correlation needs to be conducted since the above scatter plot shows a minor positive association between the % damaged cells and the length of the service, but the damage of the cells in the future cannot be predicted.Pearson’s Correlation results: Difference 65 -7. 544 6. 964 0. 864 95% CI for mean difference: (-9. 270, -5. 819) T-Test of mean difference = 0 (vs. not = 0): T-Value = -8. 73 P-Value = 0. 000 Pearson correlation of length of service (years) and % damaged cells = 0. 417 P-Value = 0. 001. The association between the length of service and %damaged cells of the tile and brick operations cannot be accepted since the values from Pearson’s Correlation is 0. 417which is higher than 0. 400. Therefore a regression fitted line will be used to forecast the future data.The P-value is 0. 001 which being less than 0. 05 does not prove to be a con vincing evidence to reject null hypothesis (H0) of no differences. Hence a conclusion may be drawn stating a difference in the length of services and the % damaged cells of workers from both the operations. Hence a regression fitted line plot will be used to predict future values. Further Analysis: Figure6:shows the data between the %damaged cells and the age of workers as well as the regression line. The scatter plot above shows that there is a moderate positive correlation between the age and the % damaged cells.Therefore a Pearson’s correlation will be conducted. Pearson correlation of age (years) and % damaged cells = 0. 251 P-Value = 0. 044 The P value is 0. 044 which is less than 0. 05, this means that the null hypothesis must be rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted that there is not sufficient evidence available to say that there is a correlation. Conclusion: The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, various graphs, Pearson’s correlation and regression fitted line plot to find association between the % damaged cell and length of service in tile and brick operations.The results concluded that there is no association between the % of damaged cells and their length of service. However there was a positive correlation which was observed between the % of damaged cells and age of workers in both operations. This suggested that it is the age which is the cause of damage and not the dust. The first test carried out, concluded that there is no genuine difference between the health hazard of the worker at the tile and brick operation.The second test concluded that there is little relationship between the workers health and the length of their service. Since the R-sq value was only 17. 4%, the extent of damage cannot be predicted by the length of employment. Overall conclusion: It can be concluded that there is insignificant difference in the percentage damaged cells in the workers of tile and brick operations. It can also be concluded that age of workers and not the length of exposure to the dust in brick or tile operations increase % damaged cells of workers.

Personal Value Reconciliation

Personal Value Reconciliation Michael Piers March 1, 2010 CMGT 350 I. T. Organization Behavior Mark Paxton The process of changing our thoughts, behavior, values and ethics in a global setting is how we reconcile and as a result, conform to a socially accepted standard. This is often called normative behavior; we act according to the appropriateness of conduct deemed satisfactory to a particular group. The rules of acceptable conduct are dependent on the setting; what is right and wrong or socially acceptable depends greatly on the values of the people (and their respective culture) involved. As a result, the reconciliation of personal values is merely becoming consistent with the actions, thoughts, behavior, values and ethics of our peers, parents, teachers, etc. The intent of this paper is to discuss the aforementioned compliance of personal values as they are adapted to a particular setting. According to the Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, behavioral modeling plays a large role in our learning; the difference between what is or is not accepted is learned through modeling. Much human learning occurs from sitting and watching, or from just happening to notice what someone else is doing. Indeed, more social learning occurs from observing others than from physically or verbally interacting and experiencing positive or negative outcomes. Observation provides information about what may be learned (alternative behaviors, potential consequences, etc. ). When observation occurs under the right circumstances, it can result in immediate changes to learning or performance. Modeling consists of an illustrator and an observer, in which the observer has been influenced by the illustrator. The encyclopedia states that this type of learning has been widely applied, across numerous areas, resulting in learning or performance modification. Therefore, as thinking and reasoning beings, we learn vicariously whether our behaviors are acceptable or not; through written or unspoken consensus, we conform. In 1971, Philip Zimbardo a Stanford University psychology professor conducted a very telling experiment in the basement of the psychology department. According to Zimbardo, â€Å"The purpose was to understand the development of norms and the effects of roles, labels, and social expectations in a simulated prison environment. † What Zimbardo discovered, among other results, was that the students who acted as guards demonstrated (through their assumed roles) a mildly sadistic shift in behavior. Further that the guards exacerbated and encouraged such behavior. In the aforementioned example, the behavior of the guards is likened to mob behavior – a type of herd mentality in which a group acts in unison sometimes losing sight of their understood correctness of behavior. Oxford Psychologist Henri Tajfel coined â€Å"groupness† for â€Å"tendency of various animals, including humans, to form in-groups†¦and to protect their group from outsides and from outside influences. † Often group mentality, in which majority opinion rules, can force compliance through the desire to avoid conflict. As a result, there are numerous examples of failures in judgment because of this mind-set: religious wars, Salem witch trials, the space shuttle disasters, police brutality, etc. According to Tony Robbins, pain and pleasure are the two major motivators that incite people to action. Therefore, to stimulate a desired change, one merely needs to assign more of one motivator than the other. In the preceding circumstance, if the avoidance of conflict outweighs the need to be accepted in a group, then the obvious inclination results in an action avoiding conflict. In a physiological sense, many organisms involuntarily adapt to changes in their environment: the chameleon changes color, plants track the sun across the sky to gain photosynthesis efficiencies and many creatures living within the various ecosystems on earth modify their behaviors as a survival technique. As humans, the means to a compatible coexistence is our ability to adapt. This ability or trait provides for the success of humans in a group setting. We reconcile our values and ethics as a survival technique. We model others, learning vicariously, act as a herd following or succumbing to consensus, and are guided by fear. In religion we are taught to obey the rules or suffer the damnation. Therefore, we learn to adapt or become an outcast to society. ? Works Cited Behavioral Modeling. (2004). In The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/wileypsych/behavioral_modeling Gonzales, L. (2008, October). Mob Mentality. National Geographic Adventure, p. 28. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT. (2007). In Dictionary of Prisons and Punishment. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/willandpp/stanford_prison_experiment

Business Organization Essays

Business Organization Essays Business Organization Essay Business Organization Essay To have a copy is a property but not to depend on others as we give value on such things. Through the sense of modernization deferent machines are created, Like printing machines that we can now easily have a duplicate through this. Copra ala DESK was inspired by the name of each partner pertaining to the given name Diana, Reran, Willower and Katherine through this combination to form the word DESK and Copra was the Latin word in medieval period of what we call today the word copy which means to have another or to duplicate. It Is the favored decision of all ratters intends to give name in the business to symbolize the oneness of every individual to turn into partnership. The proposed business was intending to give a service on the target market, with an affordable price. Since we are the first who Introduce the Ipso Print service and offers other service for a cheapest price In the neighborhood, otherwise of giving a high-quality documents and digital photo printing. Vision / Mission Statement Vision Copra ala DESK virtue that in five years time of service will have a branch nationwide through having continuous Improvement on our business to meet customers needs ND wants and mangling Its properties as well as be a remarkable printing worldwide. Mission Get the loyalty of all potential customers and be a crowd-leaser that gives them a high quality service In spite of Its affordable price. Project Objectives The business project objectives are: To earn profit and able to afford more supplies with less cost. To have an update of every latest and having an upgraded equipment. Serve with a good service and management. Treat them as one of our partners. Makes them comfortable through nature of business. Provide their needs ( e. G other offer card reader) Project Background / Industry Outlook Copra ala DESK is a service type of business that will provide the needs of target market since the business are located between of two schools. Therefore, we are probably targeting all students and teachers as well, as we believe Having the right service at the right place is the key for our good operation. That Is why partners consider this to make the business comfortable and safe. In that area where average level of lifestyle of people is such a big advantage to offer them the ipso-net where coins of yours. Proponent Partners Name Citizenship Percent (%) Capital Reran T. Estonian Filipino 25% 125,000 Willower JOY E. Diced Filipino 25% 125,000 Katherine Albanian Filipino 25% 125,000 Diana JOY Esprit Filipino 25% 125,000 Total 100% 500,000 Title / Â  Copra ala DESK Copra ala DESK was inspired by the name of each partner pertaining to the given name Diana, Reran, Willower and Katherine through this combination to form the word DESK and Copra was the Latin word in medieval period of what we call today the word copy which means to have another or to duplicate. We chose this name because we will be personally run the business and to be attached as part-owner of the business. Type of Business Organization Our business organization is partnership. The four of us decided to engage in this business as partners because it is easy to form and to dissolve. Location of business Our business is located in Ailing-Lang SST. Corner Camas SST. TTS Cruz subdivision, almanac II Alas Pains City. We chose this location because we see great opportunity in this area due to the number of population there. This service is where they can find friends or a partner that will support in their needs by providing them a document photo printing, photocopy, scanning, rush ID, internet and landlines in an affordable rice. The business form is a general partnership composes of four partners that will contribute for the capital of the business and who will manage the operation. Description of the Service The printing is considered one of the most important inventions in history. This device has made it possible for books, newspapers, magazines, and other reading materials to be produced in great numbers, and it plays an important role in promoting literacy among the masses. It was developed based on early principles of printing, and it has undergone many modifications over the years to meet the needs f people in different eras. In both China and Egypt, the use of small stamps for seals preceded the printing of paper or papyrus. This was also the case in China. The process is essentially the same in Europe special presentation impressions of prints were often printed on silk until the seventeenth century. And lately invented the Paleography (also called surface printing), often abbreviated to flex, is a method of printing most commonly used for packaging (labels, tape, bags, boxes, banners, and so on),and then will invented the by Xerox in the sass. Base on the Wisped, he printing press continue become modern and become demanded now a days. Example of printing. Lithography press for printing maps in Munich. Yuan Dynasty woodblock edition of a Chinese play Description of the Founders of Firm Reran T. Estonian, 27 years old, college graduate of four years course of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Financial Management. Has a working experience in Jollied while he is in third year at the age 19. Because of, his family life situation he learned to sacrifice and pursue to his dreams. He is now one of the popular business men in the country. Willower Joy E. Diced, 26 years also a college graduate of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Financial Management. She experienced to be a Jollied crew when she was in second year. Even her family have an own means of income, she chose to provide a solution on her own problem in terms of financial matters. The result of all her hard work brings her into a successful life. Katherine Albanian, 26 years old a college graduate of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Financial Management. She is a financial analyst of a firm and also a part time professor. Diana Joy Esprit, 21 years old and freshly graduate of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Financial Management. Her hobbies are making accessories that can be sold. One of her virtue is to put up a business that connected to her interest but she is currently managing the business of her family. Source of Information A. Sampling Technique Survey: Random Sampling The partners conducted the study through survey and with the use of random sampling of giving questionnaires personally to the respondents to obtain the primary data. Thus, the questionnaires were distributed around the place and dents teachers where school are near with our business. B. Interview We also conduct some interview from different shops in line with our service offered, Mutational City, somewhere in Mutational City, Banyan and around the place where business are going to put up or our possible competitors. They help the partners to analyze the problem and things needed to do to supply the demand of people and having a contribution to understand the operations that occur in the business C. Other Sources Table of References Conversationalist. Com. PH/ http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/Main_Page It. Gob. PH/ Ass. Gob. PH/ Philately. Gob. PH/ Vagabonding. Gob. PH/ Dole. Gob. PH/ Cookbook. Net Officeholders. Com. PH Benson. Com. PH Chapter 2 Market Study Analysis of the Market The target market of the firm is the resident of Ailing-Lang Corner of Zamia SST. T. S Cruz Subdivision Almanac II, Alas Picas City as it was chosen by partners because of the firm is in between two schools; the Elementary School and High School. Since other printing shops are costly we take this opportunity for as to serve the people in hat area with an affordable price but in high-quality of service. The project take the advantage of area where in there is a lot of students and the life level is in the medium-class. We use to have a safe and comfortable place for all our potential customers regardless of their status, lifestyle, and personalities as long as the business or service provides their needs.

The Impact Of Employee Involvement And Participation On Organization Performance The WritePass Journal

The Impact Of Employee Involvement And Participation On Organization Performance Abstract The Impact Of Employee Involvement And Participation On Organization Performance ). Forth, J. and Millward, N. (2001). â€Å"The impact of unions on pay levels in lower-skilled jobs†. National Institute Economic Review. 176, pp. 76-90. Gonzales, M. (2009). Worker’s involvement at the workplace and job quality in Europe. Edinburgh: RECWOWE Publications. Grimsrud, B, and Kvinge, T. (2010). Productivity Puzzles – should employee participation be an issue? Nordic Journal of Political Economy, 36, pp. 139-167. Guerro, S. and Barraud-Didier, V. (2004). High-involvement practices and performance f French firms. International Journal of Human Resources Management. 15(8). pp.1408-1423. Hyman, J B. Mason (1995). Managing Employee Involvement and Participation. London: Sage. Jones, D., Kalmi, P. and Kauhanen, A. (2006). How does employee involvement stack up? The effects of Human Resources Management policies on performance in retail firm. New York: Cornell University ILR School. Kanter, R. (1982). Dilemma of Managing Participation. Organizational Dynamics. (summer). pp. 5-27. Lawler, E. (1990). High Involvement Management. Participative Strategies for Improving Organizational Performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Marchington, M. (2005). ‘Employee involvement: Patterns and explanations’. In: (ed.) Harley, B.,   J. Hyman and P. Thompson Participation and democracy at work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sesil, J. (1999). The impact of employee involvement and group incentives on performance in UK high technology establishments. New Jersey: School of Management and Labour Relations.

Pacific Rim Countries and Economic Tigers

Pacific Rim Countries and Economic Tigers Many of the countries surrounding the Pacific Ocean have helped to create an economic miracle that has become known as the Pacific Rim. In 1944 the geographer N.J. Spykman published a theory about the rim of Eurasia. He proposed that the control of the rimland, as he called it, would effectively allow control of the world. Now, more than fifty years later we can see that part of his theory holds true since the power of the Pacific Rim is quite extensive. The Pacific Rim includes countries bordering the Pacific Ocean from North and South America to Asia to Oceania. Most of these countries have experienced major economic change and growth to become components of an economically integrated trade region. Raw material and finished goods are shipped between Pacific Rim states for manufacture, packaging, and sale. The Pacific Rim continues to gain strength in the global economy. From the colonization of the Americas to just a few years ago, the Atlantic Ocean had been the leading ocean for the shipment of goods and material. Since the early 1990s, the value of goods crossing the Pacific Ocean has been greater than the value of goods crossing the Atlantic. Los Angeles is the American leader in the Pacific Rim as its the source for the most trans-Pacific flights and ocean-based shipments. Additionally, the value of United States imports from Pacific Rim countries is greater than the imports from NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) member in Europe. Economic Tigers Four of the Pacific Rim territories have been called Economic Tigers due to their aggressive economies. They have included South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Since Hong Kong has been absorbed as the Chinese territory of Xianggang, it is likely that its status as a tiger will change. The four Economic Tigers have even challenged Japans dominance of the Asian economy. South Koreas prosperity and industrial development are related to their production of items from electronics and clothing to automobiles. The country is about three times larger than Taiwan and has been losing its historical agricultural base to industries. South Koreans are quite busy; their average workweek is about 50 hours, one of the worlds longest. Taiwan, which is not recognized by the United Nations, is a tiger with its major industries and entrepreneurial initiative. China claims the island and the mainland and island are technically at war. If the future includes a merger, hopefully, it will be a peaceful one. The island is about 14,000 square miles and has a focus on its north coast, centered on the capital city of Taipei. Their economy is the twentieth largest in the world. Singapore started its road to success as an entrepot, or free port for transshipment of goods, for the Malay Peninsula. The island city-state became independent in 1965. With tight governmental control and an excellent location, Singapore has effectively utilized its limited land area (240 square miles) to become a world leader in industrialization. Hong Kong became part of China on July 1, 1997, after being the territory of the United Kingdom for 99 years. The celebration of the merger of one of the worlds outstanding examples of capitalism with a major communist nation was watched by the entire world. Since the transition, Hong Kong, which had one of the highest GNPs per capita in the world, continues to maintain their official languages of English and the Cantonese dialect. The dollar continues to be in use but it no longer bears the portrait of Queen Elizabeth. A provisional legislature has been installed in Hong Kong and they have imposed limits on opposition activities and have reduced the proportion of the population eligible to vote. Hopefully, additional change wont be too significant for the people. China is attempting to foray into the Pacific Rim with Special Economic Zones and Open Coastal Areas which have special incentives for international investors. These areas are scattered along Chinas coast and now Hong Kong is one of these zones which also includes Chinas largest city, Shanghai. APEC The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) organization is composed of 18 Pacific Rim countries. They are responsible for the production of about 80% of the worlds computer and high tech components. The countries of the organization, which has a small administrative headquarters,  include Brunei,  Canada,  Chile,  China,  Indonesia,  Japan, Malaysia,  Mexico,  New Zealand, Papua New Guinea,  Philippines, Singapore,  South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and the  United States. APEC was formed in 1989 to promote free trade and economic integration of the member nations. The heads of state of the member nations met in 1993 and in 1996 while trade officials have annual meetings. From Chile to Canada and Korea to Australia, the Pacific Rim is definitely a region to watch as barriers between the countries are loosened and population grows not only in Asia but also along the Pacific coast of the Americas. The interdependency is likely to increase but can all of the countries win?

Film Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film - Assignment Example The movie is all about the spiritual and social conflicts of two families with regards to an interracial wedding. As part of the engagement, a common dinner comprising the family members of both Joanna and John (protagonists) takes place at Joanna’s home. The dinner eventually turns to stage an emotional drama as the parents express their opinions about the controversial issue around the marriage. In the progress of the plot, there is vivid demonstration of ethical and social implications of the issue of the protagonist being a colored man. The social perspective of the marriage would suggest that a nuptial relationship with the member of a discriminated race would bring shame to the white community. However, Matt Drayton’s dialogue after the evaluation of ethical challenges and with his preference for spiritual tranquility to esteem, he gives his consent and blesses his daughter and John, â€Å"The only thing that matters is what they feel and how much they feel, for each other. And if it’s half of what we felt-that’s everything† (Kramer, â€Å"Guess Who’s Coming†) shows a counter balancing effect of an existing perception of the society about the apparent intolerance of the whites about interracial marriages. The dinner makes a point by setting a place to analyze the competency of the suitor in the presence of senior members of John’s family and a priest as guests at Joanna’s home. Of course, the film makes a series of rhetorical questions to the educated American society about its position with regards to racism. The theme of the movie exhibits the splints of emotional moments as metaphorical expressions of feelings against racism. Johns says, â€Å"Dad, but you think of yourself as a colored man. I think of myself as a man.† (Kramer, â€Å"Guess Who’s Coming†). His decision to marry Joanna only with her parents’ consent is also an insignia of a black man’s unchallenged dignity as a

Corruption and Multi-National Corporations Essay

Corruption and Multi-National Corporations - Essay Example Legally, facilitation payment is not allowed in the United Kingdom. However, it is allowed legally to certain extent in the United States (Special Cases, 2009). The issue of facilitation payment becomes specially challenging when doing business with a foreign country. The laws in a different country may or may not be similar to those your own country. Hence, this issue has to be studied clearly and carefully before deciding on its legal implications. Multi-national corporations operate in different countries all over the world. So it is not possible for them to work under one set of rules. Their memorandum of association must tally with the laws and customs of the host countries. They also have to do business with customers in the host countries as well as overseas. This makes the situation of facilitation payments more complicated if flexibility is not maintained (Special Cases, 2009). Research show that majority of multi-nationals have indulged in facilitation payments although they same majority would prefer not to make these payments. This is a catch-22 situation with the giver and taker harboring guilty conscience and yet performing the act in the larger interest of business (Gordon, Kathryn and Miyake, Maiko; 2001, p3) "Bribes can come in all sizes. ... ch-22 situation with the giver and taker harboring guilty conscience and yet performing the act in the larger interest of business (Gordon, Kathryn and Miyake, Maiko; 2001, p3) "Bribes can come in all sizes. The media likes to highlight the more flagrant examples, but the smaller, everyday forms often go undetected. In the past, governments have overlooked facilitation payments. Western lawmakers assumed that such payments were simply unavoidable, a necessary part of doing business abroad" (Wrage, Alexandra; 2009). Nonetheless, the issue does not stop at that. Time and again, facilitation payments have reached the courts and resulted in destabilizing outcomes. Daewoo is an example of a major multi-national firm collapsing owing to financial irregularities (Daewoo corruption scandal deepens, 2001). However, facilitation payments continue to be made the world over. How do these payments reflect in the eyes of the law Morally, facilitation payments, whether big or small, are wrong. But these payments are given and received in different and ambiguous ways and bypass the law. They may simply be given under the nomenclature of a gift or in the form of entertainment. International businesses have accepted it as a necessary evil. And it does appear that it is prospected to stay this way for a very long time to come (D'Ascenzo, Michael; 2008). By and large, in most countries, facilitation payments are tolerated if the sum involved is small. Nobody is inclined to run to the courts on small amounts spent on getting business. However, it is large facilitation amounts that can cause trouble. Large amounts not only cause legal hassles, they can even destabilize the concerned corporation. It is not healthy for large corporations to be paying out large facilitation amounts as these

Small Business Management Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Small Business Management Evaluation - Essay Example Small business management entails precise analysis of how an entrepreneur provides the goods and services of his business in the market. It involves identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the business to be able to handle them in the production stage and ensure competitive advantage. An efficient management of a small enterprise requires an efficient marketing plan strategy that indicates the approach of the venture operation. The owner should establish the structures of the business that can effectively define the qualified professionals for the job. Operation of the small enterprise entails control of marketing strategies, sales, and advertising of the enterprise (Zimmerer & Scarborough, 2005, p. 12). Experts agree that marketing and sales represent the cornerstones of the starting business. Therefore, management of marketing sales is increasingly crucial for development and stability of the venture. In addition, the operation of a small enterprise requires various operation s kills, for instance, strong communication skills. Strong verbal and listening abilities are increasingly crucial in small enterprise. A sales manager must utilize proper words in an appropriate manner to pass the message accurately and clearly so as not to offend the clients. He must ensure effective customer care service to maintain customers for the productivity of the business. An employee motivation skill is crucial – the manager must device workers motivation strategies to ensure that workers operate towards attaining crucial successes. Time management skills enable the manager to operate under strict time schedules and ensure fixed deadlines are met in time (Pickle & Abrahamson, 2006). Conflict management skills – entrepreneurs should be wise and diplomatic to be able to mediate local disputes that occur regularly in the business. Mitigating the challenges as they appear enables the manager to prevent future challenges that may slow down or interrupt business ope rations. Negotiation skills, on the other hand, allow entrepreneurs to negotiate with clients and workers. Managing a small business needs a market target analysis because each enterprise has a target percentage of clients. Customer identification and target market identification is increasingly imperative to ensure a critical product campaign. In other words, promotion cost and the market campaign will be interrupted and expensive without customer and market identification, (Longenecker, Moore, & Petty, 2003, p. 23). Market identification eases the role of promotional plans creation. Quick financial investment is critical – economists agree that small business operators should keep a well-managed planned budget for marketplace campaign and adhere to that budget. Quick financial investment ensures various market mechanisms such as Television adverts and Banner adverts for the success of the venture.

Women in the US Military Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Women in the US Military - Research Paper Example Women brought water to the soldiers, provided the soldiers with food and clothes, and also served as nurses, roles that were considered auxiliary (Simon 154). These services that they played were not formally included in the list of roles for the uniformed personnel. However, women were not formally included in the military but, continued to play these roles up in anticipation of the phase of the Civil War or during the 20th Century. Ever since, women have assumed powerful positions in the defense system of America, and currently a good number of them play crucial roles in the Army operations and seem to be more dedicated and willing to share in the great sacrifice of protecting the nation. In this essay, I have sought to exemplify the historical contribution of women in the US military, as well as the roles women have played in the US Military. This shall be through the analysis of the concept based on various dynamic sub-titles (Zeigler & Gregory 145). Women as nurses in military D uring the Spanish-American war conducted in 1898, thousands of American soldiers had yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria (â€Å"Highlights in the†).... Among the requirements for the inclusion of women into the army in the earliest times was that they were required to masquerade themselves as men, and use aliases of men’s names in order to be enlisted in the Army, especially at around the period of World War I. For instance, about 12,000 women were enlisted in this war with the numbers increasing to about 350,000 women in the World War II. However, in these two wars the women mostly played the roles of nursing by attending to the wounded soldiers. This they achieved by serving in organizations like the American Red Cross Society and the United Services Organizations (Strebe 89). Deployment of women in the combat zone The number of American women that participated in the First World War was over 35000 (â€Å"Early Women Soldiers†). As a result of war, American military forces saw a shortage of male recruits. That was when the US Navy and Marine Corps actively solicited women to serve in the combat troops in an attempt t o fill up the gap. Thousands of women applied for positions as Marine Corps Yeoman whereas the call of Navy to become Yeomanettes was responded to by over 11,000 women (â€Å"Early Women Soldiers†). In 2013, long-stayed ban on the inclusion of women in the combat positions was lifted. The lifting of this prohibition can be accredited to the fact that women today are an integral part of the US military and have been showing their interest in undertaking physically demanding roles in military as tough as performance in the combat zone. Women in the American army have found themselves increasingly in the combat’s reality during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. â€Å"It's clear to all of us that women are contributing in

RISK ASSESSMENT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

RISK ASSESSMENT - Term Paper Example In terms of its performance, it is observed that GDI has experienced a consistent growth with regard to its operations for a substantial period of six years with the incorporation of well-crafted management strategies. GDI intends to focus on augmenting its operational performance through technological innovation as well as automation. . The operations of GDI are controlled by the effective leadership of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Jamie Pierce. Identification of the Organizational Assets Assets can be defined as the tangible or intangible items or variables which are possessed by an organization which are made use of in the process of executing their primary functions. Moreover, assets also yield economic values to the organizations in future under certain circumstances. Furthermore, assets are divided into two parts which comprise fixed and current assets (Harrison, 2006). Fixed assets can be stated as the assets purchased by the organizations for long-term use which can be ident ified as property, machinery and furniture among others (University of Cambridge, 2000). Current assets can be defined as the type of assets which are utilized by the organizations into their operations on a daily basis which include cash in hand, inventory, goodwill and short-term investment among others (Svensson, 2008). With due consideration to this aspect, it can be stated that GDI also has certain pertinent assets through which they operate and serve their customers. Furthermore, the assets of GDI comprise certain number of infrastructures located in Canada, the United States and Mexico and the organization is also having a center situated on 9th floor of the corporate tower. Furthermore, GDI also has certain number of information technology based resources along with heavy and light vehicles which also act as an asset for the organization. The existing employees can also be termed as the tangible assets for GDI this is because with the assistances and performances of the empl oyees the organization earns profits and growth as well as sustainability. Along with the employees, the prevailing shares of GDI also act as an asset for the organization. Assessment of the Organizational Risks From the presented scenario, it is derived that the CEO of GDI Jamie Pierce decided to take certain measures for reducing the operational cost of the organization by lowering manpower by means of incorporating outsourcing along with 30% of the organizational budget. In relation to these measures, GDI can face certain problems while running the business processes. The problems can be identified as political issues, ineffective strategic planning, improper flow of organizational operations or processes and lesser security related to organizational data due to the activities. The political related issues can arise from the reduction of manpower within GDI because the employees generally have certain association with labor unions as a result massive reductions of employees from the organization can lead to strikes or problems while running the business process. Ineffective strategic planning can also come in the way of operating the business efficiently because the reduction of budget and manpower from the operations can de-motivate other employees. The reduction in percentage of budget also can lead to unavailability of required resources at the time of emergencies or while planning and serving with their related products or services. The reduction of bu

Rana Plaza Factory Collapse Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rana Plaza Factory Collapse - Case Study Example Bangladesh witnessed the deadliest Rana Plaza factory collapse in which more than 1000 factory workers were killed (BBC News Asia, 2013). On April 24, 2013, Rana Plaza factory, situated in Savar District of Dhaka, Bangladesh, collapsed for unknown reasons, killing more than 1,021 factory workers in which bodies of many dead workers were decomposed; the main reason behind the higher death toll was caused by the presence of many factories in the Rana Plaza at the time of collapse; similarly, the absence of respect for human lives can be gauged by the fact that the same building was evacuated a few days as some reports highlighted cracks in the building; later on, the factory workers were ordered by the factory owners to return to their work (BBC News Asia, 2013). This single event has highlighted weaknesses, negligence, and incompetence on the part of factory owners and related government departments authorized to ensure the safety and security of workplace environments, especially in densely populated areas. At the same time, it can also be highlighted that the role of workers cannot be undermined as they are main stakeholders.This situation has raised a number of ethical questions: Did the factory owners fulfill their legal and moral duty and role for protecting and safeguarding the lives of their workers? Did they provide enough safety and security measures? Did the related government departments or agencies ensure industrial compliance with the related code of conduct? KantianismKantianism is based on the system of wrongness or rightness of actions (Wood, 2008). Kantianism refers to respecting individuals with dignity and identifies them as ends (Gardiner, 2011). And, it has also been contended that the moral values should not be influenced by the contingency because when it affects actions, the outcome will also be influenced (Patrone, 2005). This ethical framework has numerous perspectives; each has its own rightness or wrongness.

RISK ASSESSMENT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

RISK ASSESSMENT - Term Paper Example In terms of its performance, it is observed that GDI has experienced a consistent growth with regard to its operations for a substantial period of six years with the incorporation of well-crafted management strategies. GDI intends to focus on augmenting its operational performance through technological innovation as well as automation. . The operations of GDI are controlled by the effective leadership of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Jamie Pierce. Identification of the Organizational Assets Assets can be defined as the tangible or intangible items or variables which are possessed by an organization which are made use of in the process of executing their primary functions. Moreover, assets also yield economic values to the organizations in future under certain circumstances. Furthermore, assets are divided into two parts which comprise fixed and current assets (Harrison, 2006). Fixed assets can be stated as the assets purchased by the organizations for long-term use which can be ident ified as property, machinery and furniture among others (University of Cambridge, 2000). Current assets can be defined as the type of assets which are utilized by the organizations into their operations on a daily basis which include cash in hand, inventory, goodwill and short-term investment among others (Svensson, 2008). With due consideration to this aspect, it can be stated that GDI also has certain pertinent assets through which they operate and serve their customers. Furthermore, the assets of GDI comprise certain number of infrastructures located in Canada, the United States and Mexico and the organization is also having a center situated on 9th floor of the corporate tower. Furthermore, GDI also has certain number of information technology based resources along with heavy and light vehicles which also act as an asset for the organization. The existing employees can also be termed as the tangible assets for GDI this is because with the assistances and performances of the empl oyees the organization earns profits and growth as well as sustainability. Along with the employees, the prevailing shares of GDI also act as an asset for the organization. Assessment of the Organizational Risks From the presented scenario, it is derived that the CEO of GDI Jamie Pierce decided to take certain measures for reducing the operational cost of the organization by lowering manpower by means of incorporating outsourcing along with 30% of the organizational budget. In relation to these measures, GDI can face certain problems while running the business processes. The problems can be identified as political issues, ineffective strategic planning, improper flow of organizational operations or processes and lesser security related to organizational data due to the activities. The political related issues can arise from the reduction of manpower within GDI because the employees generally have certain association with labor unions as a result massive reductions of employees from the organization can lead to strikes or problems while running the business process. Ineffective strategic planning can also come in the way of operating the business efficiently because the reduction of budget and manpower from the operations can de-motivate other employees. The reduction in percentage of budget also can lead to unavailability of required resources at the time of emergencies or while planning and serving with their related products or services. The reduction of bu

Choosing hardware and input devices Essay Example for Free

Choosing hardware and input devices Essay Microsoft Publisher Microsoft Word Paint Internet Explorer This table shows all the applications I used to complete my coursework Name of Application Price Main Functions Advantages Disadvantages Microsoft Publisher i 49. 99 The main function of Microsoft publisher is to create websites, documents, cards, almost everything ETC. It is easy to create these kinds of things with Microsoft publisher. It is very easy to create websites cards etc. It takes a very long time to install on the computer. It runs in a very fast speed so it doesnt need time to load up. It can be very confusing and you need to know how to use it. It has so many design options, about over 1,000 professionally designed templates. You cant make very precise layouts because it doesnt have the precise tools. Microsoft Word i 49. 99 The main function of Microsoft office word is to create and also edit text, graphics in letters, reports, and web pages and also email messages. For this it has different functions like formatting text into different styles and formatting the font. Data can be imported from a spreadsheet to this so that a mail merge can be created. It is quite difficult to store data like Microsoft Access. If you get any mistakes it can be corrected so easily. Not everyone will be able to purchase it because it costs too much. The work can be saved so that it could be done at another time. If people start relying on the spell checker they might lose their spelling skills. Internet Explorer You dont need to purchase it because it is already installed on the operating software. The main function is that people have wide access to the information the want. The other function is that they can communicate, do a bit of shopping, and it can also be used for entertainment. Doesnt need to be purchased because its already installed on the operating software. Some information can be biased and inaccurate. Used for a lot of things E. G. Communication, shopping, gaming E. T. C Surfing the internet too much, can be addictive. It can be accessed by anyone in the world. Illegal sites always occur even if youre surfing the web carefully. Paint You dont need to purchase it because it is already installed on the operating software. The main function is to create drawings and to display scanned photos. The other function is to create pictures and diagrams. Doesnt need to be purchased because its already installed on the operating software. It cant store information in a table like Microsoft Access. You can draw logos, pictures E. T. C Older versions of it cannot open files that are from a newer version. It has a special image function which allows you to edit or change photos. It cannot type in text in different forms like Microsoft Office Word. Alternatives This table show the alternatives of the table above Name of Application Alternative Application The way it works Advantages Disadvantage Difference it would make if I used it Microsoft Publisher Adobe Dreamweaver The main function of Adobe Dreamweaver is to create mainly websites but other things can be made such as cards, magazines etc. Websites can be made much more accurately and much more precise than Microsoft word. It is much more expensive than Microsoft word so it cant be purchased by everyone. The main difference it makes is that I would be able to work more accurately and create better websites. However it is more complicated than Microsoft publisher so it will be hard to use. Website designers can make changes to the design of a website simply by editing the Dream Weaver template files. It is much more complicated than Microsoft word so itll be hard to use. Simple and complex websites can be designed using a point and click method. It takes much longer to install. Microsoft Word Open Office Writer The main function of is to create and edit text, reports, and web pages and email messages. For this it has different functions like formatting text into different styles. The wizard makes it easier for new beginners to use. The wizards appear too much which is distractible. The main difference is that I would be able to create and edit text, reports, web ages and email messages easier and much more accurate. It can connect to any existing database. It is less popular than Microsoft Office Access so not many people use it. You dont have do buy this but you can get it for free. For some people this could be hard to use because of the extra functions. Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox The main function is that people have wide access to the information the want. The other function is that they can communicate, do a bit of shopping, and it can also be used for entertainment. It is much quicker and faster than internet explorer. It is not supported by a small proportion of web sites. The main difference is that I would be able to gather information and surf the net much quicker than internet explorer. It has more security on it because it doesnt let pop ups through at all. With Mozilla Firefox some websites do not display properly. It has more design and looks better than Internet Explorer. Fire fox has to be bought separately if it is to be installed in the computer. Paint Paint. net It works in the same way as paint. But this has extra special features and they work by having a user interface which can automatically know something new directly. There are different versions for different operating softwares. People could get wrong versions and so they wouldnt work and they would have to buy new ones. The main difference is that I will be able to get help from the online forums If I did not no how to use it. Also if I make a mistake and I realise after a bit, then I will be able to go to that mistake because there is unlimited undos. It has online forums which makes it easy for members to get help from users. Some people wont understand it because it looks very complicated. There is an unlimited amount of pressing undo. It doesnt come supplied with computers from before so you have to buy it. Microsoft Publisher It is used for creating mainly websites. Microsoft Word It is used for typing in any kind of information. Internet Explorer It is used for getting information. Ismail Bismillah Paint It is used for creating pictures, drawings, logo E. T. C Input These are the input devices I used to make my work easy. Device Speed Errors that can be made Way to correct errors Keyboard The speed of the keyboard is measured in form of words per minute. It depends if you are a fast typist or a slow one. Many errors can be done whilst typing. For example, when youre typing very quickly, you can press the wrong key which will change the spelling of a word. Also when youre typing numbers you can make mistakes. E. g. if you want to type in 786 and your in a rush you can make mistakes like pressing the wrong numbers. (768) The way to correct these errors is to type a lot and you will get use to it so much that you wont get any mistakes. Another easier method is to click on tools then click on spelling and grammar. This will show you all the mistakes and you can easily correct it later. Mouse The speed of the mouse also is measured in the similar way. (Clicks per minute) It depends if you are fast or slow on using the mouse. Many errors can also be made whilst using the mouse. The main error that can be made is that when you are in a rush, you can easily click on something wrong which will take you to a different place. Also the mouse can easily slip when youre moving it. The way to correct these errors is to use a mouse pad which is especially designed/made for mice. Another way to correct this error is to use the mouse a bit slower and not in a rush. Scanner The speed of the scanner depends on how much data is being scanned. It also depends on what type of scanner it is. Errors can be made using the scanner as well. The main error that can be made is that the paper can be put the wrong way (upside down). Also the paper can sometimes be inserted half way inside. The way to correct these errors is to check carefully which way the paper should be put in. Also the paper should be put in straight and not bent. Keyboard I detected errors in my work by using the spelling and grammar checker to check any spelling mistakes and any punctuation mistakes. To correct the errors in my work I would use the proof reader to correct mistakes that are done in my work. To prevent errors from happening, I typed a bit slower and much more carefully and I carried on looking at the screen to see if there were any mistakes I made. Mouse I detected errors in my work by checking manually if I made any clicking mistakes. To correct the errors in my work I would check manually and make sure that I would click the right thing if something unwanted had been clicked by going back and clicking the right thing. To prevent errors from happening in my work I would make sure that I would buy a mouse pad so that the mouse doesnt slip and so the wrong thing doesnt be clicked. Scanner I detected errors in my work by checking manually if all the information has been scanned and also that it is the right way round but not upside down. To correct the errors in my work I would check manually and make sure that if the data is scanned upside down than I would delete that data and I would than scan the data again by moving the data on the scanner the other way round. To prevent errors from happening in my work I would make sure that the data is the right way round in the first place and also make sure that no part of it is covered up. Effects of Inaccurate Data Inaccurate data will affect the system in many ways. Data Effect Way it can be prevented Spelling mistakes (website). If spelling mistakes are made then wrong information might be given out and also the customers will think this agency is not a professional one. To prevent this I spell checker can be used. I can also tell someone to go through it and look at my mistakes. Hyperlinks not linked correctly If hyperlinks are not linked properly then the business will become low because when you click on the link itll send you somewhere else or not take you anywhere. This can be prevented by checking the hyperlinks properly and making sure there are no mistakes. Also makes sure checking takes place before advertising. Not changing the colour of hyperlinks If hyperlinks do not change colour then the customer will not no which site he has been to so he will go on that website repeatedly. The way this can be sorted out is that when a customer clicks on the hyper link then it should change colour so the customer does not go on it repeatedly. The best way to stop all the problems is to keep on checking if you have made mistakes. This way all your mistakes will be sorted out. And there wont be any inaccurate data Validation Validation is to make sure that data which is being entered should be reasonable and allowable meaning that it is something possible but it doesnt have to be correct. There are a few different types of validations to help reduce the number of errors made by a user: Type check, range check, picture or format check, check digit, field length checks etc. Verification The validation can be used to make sure that when a user types data in the computer and if there are any errors made in the typing then they are reduced. For example if a database was going to be made with mistakes like if a 1993 date of birth was typed and was not true, the computer will not take it as an error if was programmed to let in anything between 1990 and1994. So the results would be incorrect and full of mistakes. This could also be known as Garbage In, Garbage out (GIGO). So that is why validations are important to help make sure that the user knows if there are any errors that have been made when typing data into the computer but it does not help in telling if the data is true or false. Output This table shows the outputs I used. Device Type The way it works Advantages Disadvantages Best place to use it Printers Laser A mirror reflects a beam of laser, and then lays them. A toner is then sprayed onto it. A paper is now pressed onto the toner and is slightly heated so that it sticks firmly on the paper. It prints out very quickly compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers It is the most expensive printer especially the colour lasers. The best place to use this laser printer is an office because an office requires a large amount of papers printed in small amount of time and with less noise as possible. It prints out very fast compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers Because it is so big it takes up more space than ink-jet printers. It has a high quality compared to ink-jet and dot-matrix printers It is very expensive to repair because of the complex parts inside.

Marshall’s Theory of Citizenship

ï » ¿Marshall’s Theory of Citizenship Marshall’s theory of citizenship and its relevance in Britain in 2017 Introduction Marshall’s citizenship theory is concerned with social rights, education, and voting. Marshall’s theory on citizenship is compatible with Britain in 2017 due to the fact that schools are influenced by ideological, economic, and cultural forces, and citizenship considers the way in which education functions in class formation, struggle, capital accumulation, and the legitimation of the privileges of dominant groups (Apple, 2017:4). In fact, there is no doubt that schools are institutions of economic and cultural reproduction (Apple, 2017). Similarly, Marshall (2009:149) opines that the institutions most closely connected to citizenship and civilisation are the educational system and the social services. Citizenship has also raised questions on the sense of social solidarity and integration in any given community (Turner, 1990). Thus, citizenship, and every idealised version of it, holds relevance today. Marshall’s theory in particular, has relevance in 2017 due to the fact that there are several distinct forms of citizenship, and each can be understood by taking Marshall’s vision of citizenship as a whole, rather than a sum of parts. Turner (1997) notes that society is faced with two contradictory principles: scarcity and social solidarity. Scarcity results in exclusionary events such as gender divisions, social classes, and status groups, whilst social solidarity requires cohesive community structures, regardless of one’s social standing (Turner, 1997). Gender divisions are the one area that Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails to consider. In addition to the above characteristics of Marshall’s theory, Marshall’s theory on citizenship considered legal rights as the first form of citizenship (Turner, 1997). In the 19th century, political rights and their institutionalisation in parliament was Marshall’s second notion of citizenship (Turner, 1997). Next, Marshall believed that citizenship was related to social rights, and that those social rights were institutionalised in the welfare state (Turner, 1997). When considering these three forms of rights, Marshall argued that citizenship mitigates the inequalities created by capitalism (Turner, 1997:11). Marshall referred to modern industrialist capitalist societies as ‘hyphenated societies,’ due to the fact that such societies have some degree of democratic redistribution of wealth through the institution of citizenship. Marshall’s theory on citizenship relies on post-war societies and their relationships between social class, welfare, and citizenship (Turner, 1997). At the heart of Marshall’s theory on citizenship is identity. For instance, contemporary Britain has faced anxiety in granting unconditional comprehensive citizenship to Hong Kong nationals (Turner, 1997). Turner (1997:7) describes this concept as ‘social closure’ in which citizenship is determined on an inclusion/exclusion basis, in an attempt to exclude ‘outsiders’ and drive out diversity. The idea of social closure is still a pervasive concept in 2017, as evidenced by â€Å"Brexit.† Openness to diversity and difference is an essential component of a liberal democracy (Turner, 1997), yet the sentiment of some UK citizens is in conflict with the idea of diversity. Brexit and immigration are discussed later in the essay. Critique of Marshall’s Theory Marshall’s theory of citizenship has been criticised for being Anglocentric and evolutionist (Mann, 1987). Mann (1987) suggests that emphasis should be placed on understanding ruling class interactions and anciens rà ©gimes rather than rising bourgeois and proletarian classes, which has been the status quo in previous political studies (Mann, 1987). Other critics discount Marshall’s concept of citizenship due to the fact that his theories were developed in the mid 70’s (Bulmer & Rees, 1996) and the post-World War II political dynamic is much different than it is today. While this may be the case, it does not negate the fact that Marshall’s lived experiences as a prisoner in Germany and as a social worker, provides a knowledge and culture that can only be subsumed from such experiences. Such experiences can be triangulated to the adversity that many UK citizens feel today; it is not an overseas war that many in the UK are fighting- it is an internal war at which the will of the underclass of Britain and Britain’s diminishing middle-class is threatened. It is arguable that Marshall’s theory on citizenship will always have relevance, whether it is in the year 2017, 2060, or later. For instance, in 1978, some scholars pointed out that the concept of citizenship had gone â€Å"out of fashion† amongst political thinkers (Kymlicka & Norman, 1994). Yet, 15 years later, citizenship has become a â€Å"buzz word† in political discourse (Kymlicka & Norman, 1994). Considered even minimally, it is arguable that Marshall’s theory is relevant in a cyclical nature. During certain points in time, it could be more relevant than in other time periods, although the concept itself is always relevant. Marshall has considered the entitlements of economic structure and capitalist society (Turner & Hamilton, 1990: 199), and these concepts will always be a constant. Social Class & Welfare Reform Social class, like citizenship, is a system of inequality (Marshall, 2009). Thus, Marshall’s theory on citizenship takes account of the impact of citizenship on social class (Marshall, 2009). In fact, Marshall (1950) notes that citizenship and social class are in conflict. The paragraphs below discuss social class and welfare reform. Social welfare reform has been a central part of Britain’s political agenda since Margaret Thatcher’s policies of the conservative government (McLaughlin, 2000). Thatcher’s social welfare reforms included less governmental intervention and less social assistance so as to allow citizens to be more active in their social and economic standing. Thatcher’s policies also known as ‘Thatcherism’ encouraged greater citizen freedom and free market (McLaughlin, 2000). The idea of a free market is in line with Marshall’s view on citizenship. Following Thatcher’s policies, the Labour government reinvented social welfare after their 1997 win (McLaughlin, 2000). Given the stark contrast between the Conservative government’s policies and the Labour Party’s policies, it is arguable that Marshall’s understanding of citizenship is very much relevant to today’s Britain. Marshall’s hypothesis rested on an economic calculation that the cost of providing education for all would increase a country’s productivity (Marshall, 1950: 6). Although Marshall’s hypothesis was calculated at a time in which physical labour was heavily utilised, affordable access to education is a concept that many in Britain worry about (Yuan & Powell, 2013). While Liberals and the Labour Party push for more social services such as education bursaries and grants for lower income families, Conservatives hold the view that education should not be a part of the social welfare system (Counts, 1978). Thus, this is the very notion of citizenship in which minimal access to education further widens inequality and inequality is inversely correlated with citizenship. Inequality is inversely correlated with citizenship due to the fact that the higher the inequality that exists, the lower the [participation] of citizenship, due to the fact that individuals faced with economic hardship are less likely to vote (Rosenstone, 1982). Arguably, the higher the citizenship, the lower the inequality of citizenship. Prior to the Labour’s win in 1997, the Labour Party stated that welfare reform would be one its major campaign promises that it kept (Powell, 2000). The Labour’s rhetoric was said to be a new and distinctive method that differed from both the old left and the new right (Powell, 2000). At the heart of the party’s campaign, however, was the need for social change and reform. Marshall’s concept of citizenship is relevant to that period and today’s period due to the fact that social reform is still a heavily debated concept in 2017. Another element that points to the relevance of Marshall’s theory on citizenship is welfare fraud. Welfare fraud is a hot-button topic for many political campaigns, despite its occurrence on a small scale. The British public believes that 27% of the UK’s welfare budget is lost to fraud (Trade Unions Congress, 2013) while the government’s records of funding lost to welfare fraud is 0.7% (TUC, 2013). And according to a poll conducted by the Trades Union Congress (TUC), Ministers should not assume that voters will continue to support Ministers’ plans to cap welfare benefit rises. The TUC’s research further notes that voters who are least able to provide accurate results on benefits are most likely to back the government’s plan to cut benefits (TUC, 2013). The poll results paint a bleak picture on citizen perception on unemployment. For instance, the TUC poll shows that once citizens learn that the benefits cap will hit workers in low paid jobs the most, support moves away from the government (TUC, 2013). The poll also demonstrated that 61% of individuals polled believed that 41% of the entire welfare budget goes to unemployed people, while the true figure is 3% (TUC, 2013). Overall, the results of the poll demonstrate that misconceptions on poverty and unemployment are what fuel misleading news stories and sensationalised campaign points. This is relevant to Marshall’s notion of citizenship because people need to understand the real causes and issues plaguing social welfare and unemployment: welfare fraud is not one of them. By remaining uninformed, an electorate may very well vote against their better interests, and in turn, this foster inequality. Marshall (1950) suggested that it was the state’s social responsibility to help the working class and poor to utilise their political and civil rights, and this can only be accomplished with an informed voter base. This is especially true due to the fact that cuts in social security programs have disproportionately affected women (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004). Cuts to these programs have affected single mothers in particular (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004). Shelley and Gavigan (2004) make a critical point when they note that public discourse and social images on welfare fraud erroneously link poverty and welfare to crime. Brexit & Immigration Prior to Brexit, many political analysts suggested that the determining factor on attitudes for leaving or staying in Britain was immigration, while others suggested that the determining factor was the advantage versus the disadvantage of EU membership (McKee & Galsworthy, 2016). Although ‘Brexit’ took place in 2016, the effects of the vote are apparent in 2017. Tied to Brexit is immigration. As immigration is a global concern, minority groups and liberal assimilationist concepts of citizenship have dominated political discourse. The same can be said for Britain’s immigration â€Å"problem.† The public vote to leave the EU brought about issues of citizenship and ‘otherness’ (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). In fact, a poll conducted by the British Election Study (BES) demonstrated that anti-immigration rhetoric shaped public support for Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). For instance, increases in the rate of immigration in the UK were key predictors of the vote for Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). It is not surprising that Britain has taken issue with immigration for several years. Journalists and reporters have seen increased attacks on EU migrants and minorities in record number, and it appears that this problem has only increased subsequent to Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). Further to the violence and anti-immigrant sentiment, the anger and xenophobia against immigrants are expected to become more intense (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). In considering the other side of the argument, Marshall’s theory may not be as relevant to the year 2017 due to the fact that Marshall’s theory focused on the exercise of political power and voter turnout for Brexit was low (Goodwin & Heath, 2016). Marshall noted that citizens exercise participation of political power by voting, and if citizens do not exercise this right, they cannot be said to be involved in the political process. Arguably, a lack of participation points to apathy or ‘hopelessness.’ Marshall argued that citizenship â€Å"is a status bestowed on all those who are full members of a community.† (Marshall, 1950:28). Such members carry out their responsibilities by voting and completing civic obligations. On the other hand, Banks’ (2008) theory on citizenship which is still evident in today’s society is similar to Marshall’s notion of citizenship as Banks rejects assimilation, arguing that citizenship should reflect diverse cultures and languages. Further, diverse groups rights can aid individuals in attaining structural equality. Education Reform Education reform has been a hot button issue for the past 20 years (Torres, 1998). Education reform and citizenship are interrelated concepts due to the fact that citizens exercise their rights to vote on education. Education is not only a human right, but it is a concept that is at the forefront of the electorate. While some authors note that the discussion of schools in the UK remain marginal to the policy process or they are heard minimally through teaching unions (Bowe, Ball, & Gold, 2017), the consensus is that educational reform is an important campaigning point, and this is acknowledged by political pundits. Another reason why education reform and citizenship are linked is because the social division of labour and educational systems are connected. This is in line with Marshall’s theory on citizenship due to the fact that discussions on educational reform have centred around schools and their ability to reduce the division of labour and lessen existing inequality (Apple, 2017). The UK’s Housing Crisis The current housing crisis in the UK is another issue that is related to citizenship, due to the fact that it is a social phenomenon that the electorate holds a stake in. The housing crisis also exacerbates inequality, and inequality is a fundamental precept of citizenship, as noted by Marshall. The housing crisis in the UK is a problem that began after World War II (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Post-war planning legislation was instated in order to ensure that there was adequate supply of housing land, but much of the legislation failed to account to for Britain’s growing population (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Since the passing of such legislation, there has been a widening gap between housing demand and supply in the UK, leading to the housing crisis (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). The question of whether Marshall’s theory on citizenship pertains to today’s housing crisis in the UK, rests on government intervention. While Marshall was largely against state intervention in some respects, Marshall supported the state using its power for education and basic assistance (Marshall, 1950). Proponents of improved and affordable housing conditions suggest that the government should vigorously be involved in the planning process and provide adequate housing provisions for low-income households (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). While Conservatives believe that the private market should be able to balance development and the interests of the UK citizens, Liberals believe that state intervention will provide equitable and socially beneficial forms of housing for those that are most in need (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Gurran and Whitehead (2011) argue that state intervention is the only solution that will ease the housing crisis due to the fact that less land will be available for activities that generate negative externalities, resulting in higher housing prices, whilst more land will be available for uses that include greater social benefit. Stone (2006) also notes that affordable housing is a social issue that must take account of current incomes in the UK. Affordable housing can mean subsidised housing and liveable housing conditions (Stone, 2006). Thus, Marshall’s theory would include support for affordable housing, given the inequalities that exist in the housing shortage. Feminism As feminism has gained steam in the last 20 years, so has the quest for equality (Brooks, 1997). Postmodern feminism and citizenship moves beyond the mainly white, male, middle-class perspective that much of history has been based on. Further, the absence of gender causes problems for understanding citizenship (Walby, 1994). Walby (1994) argues that discussions on citizenship must consider the ways in which gender can be integrated into citizenship (Walby, 1994). Thus, citizenship must consider a dynamic theory of gender relations and political citizenship that destabilises patriarchy and restores equal citizenship (Walby, 1994). Some scholars note that Marshall’s theory of citizenship is not applicable today based on Marshall’s linear view on citizenship. These scholars argue that Marshall’s perspective on citizenship is that of a white, heterosexual male, and that it does not take account of minorities, women, lesbians, or homosexuals (Turner, 2009). Lister (2003) notes that active citizenship can be accomplished by questioning deeply entrenched dichotomies and understanding the more coercive forms of active citizenship which are dominated by political agendas. The other way that active citizenship can be accomplished is by refusing to accept unfounded definitions and constructions of â€Å"insiders† and â€Å"outsiders† in relation to individual rights on citizenship, and this requires a deep regard for gender equality. Postmodernist feminist also allows issues of child care, education, and work-life balance to be considered as a matter of both genders, despite those issues being considered as ‘female’ issues. Lister (2003) has allowed poor gendered versions of citizenship to be questioned, which is what Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails to do. Conclusion While Marshall’s theory on citizenship focused mainly on the free market, Marshall also considered with the inequalities that came with citizenship. On this end, Marshall’s theory is still applicable to Britain in the year 2017, due to the fact that inequalities linked to citizenship still exist in Britain. The housing crisis has also demonstrated the applicability of Marshall’s theory. Brexit has demonstrated that there is anti-immigrant sentiment, despite the fact that the selling point for joining the EU was the free movement of people and goods. The one area that Marshall’s theory on citizenship may not apply to, is feminism. In regards to gender and inequality, the negative historical treatment of poor women on welfare have clouted public discourse (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004) on the real social welfare issues. The criminalisation of poverty in Britain raises theoretical questions on the regulation and control of Britain’s welfare state. Thus, Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails on this particular point due to the fact that Marshall’s perspective considers that of the white male, while largely ignoring women and their struggle and position as second-class citizens. As citizenship has re-emerged as an issue which is central to political concerns regarding healthcare, education, and social security (Turner, 1990), it must also consider the fight for equality and feminism- otherwise, citizenship is not truly considered in its totality. Bibliography Apple, M.W. 2017. Cultural and Economic Reproduction in Education: Essays on Class, Ideology, and the State (London: Routledge). Banks, J.A.2008. Diversity, Group Identity, and Citizenship Education in a Global Age. Educational Researcher, 37(3), 129-139. Bowe, R., Ball, S.J., Gold, A. 2017. Reforming Education and Changing Schools: Case Studies in Policy Sociology (UK: Routledge). Brooks, A. 1997. Postfeminisms: Feminism, Cultural Theory and Cultural Forms (NY: Routledge). Bulmer, M., & Rees, A.M.1996. Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of T.H. Marshall. (London: Routledge). Chunn, E.D., & Gavigan, S.A.M. 2004. Welfare Law, Welfare Fraud, and the Moral Regulation of the ‘Never Deserving’ Poor. Social & Legal Studies, 13(2), 219-243. Counts, G.S. 1978. Dare the School Build a New Social Order? (London: Southern Illinois University Press). Faulks, K. 1998. Citizenship in Modern Britain (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). Trades Union Congress. 2013. Support for benefit cuts dependent on ignorance, TUC-commissioned poll finds. [Accessed: 5 May 2017]. Available from: https://www.tuc.org.uk/social-issues/child-poverty/welfare-and-benefits/tax-credits/support-benefit-cuts-dependent Goodwin, M., & Heath, O. 2016. The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-level Analysis of the Result. The Political Quarterly, 87(3). Goodwin, M., & Milazzo, C. 2017. Taking Back Control?: Investigating the role of Immigration in the 2016 vote for Brexit. British Journal of Politics and International Relations. Gurran, N., & Whitehead, C. 2011. Planning and Affordable Housing in Australia and the UK: A Comparative Perspective. Housing Studies, 26(7-8). Jones, H., Gunaratnam, Y., Bhattacharyya, G., Davies, W., Dhaliwal, S., Forkert, K., Jackson, E., & Saltus, R. 2017. Immigration Controversies and Performative Politics. (UK: Oxford University Press). Kymlicka, W., & Norman, W. 1994. Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory. An International Journal of Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy, 104(2). Lister, R. 2003. Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. 2nd Edition, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Mann, M. 1987. Ruling Class Strategies and Citizenship. Sociology, 21(3). Marshall, T.H. 2005. Developing the Global Gaze in Citizenship Education: Exploring the Perspectives of Global Education NGO Workers in England. 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Outline of a Theory of Citizenship. Sociology, 24(2). Turner, B.S., & Hamilton, P. 1990. Citizenship: Critical Concepts, Volume 1. (London Routledge). Turner, B.S. 1997. Citizenship Studies: A General Theory. Citizenship Studies, 1(1). 5-18. Turner, B.S. 2009. T.H. Marshall, social rights and English national identity. Citizenship Studies, 13(1), 65-73. Walby, S. 1994. Is Citizenship Gendered? Sociology, 28(2), 379-395. Yuan, L., & Powell, S. 2013. MOOCs and Open Education: Implications for Higher Education, A White Paper. (UK: Centre for Educational Technology & Interoperability Standards).